第三部分阅读理解B型题

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第三部分阅读理解B型题

练习一

Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.

It seems to me there are two aspects to women. There is the demure and the dauntless. Men have loved to dwell, in fiction at least, on the demure maiden whose inevitable reply is: Oh, yes, if you please, kind sir! The demure maiden , the demure spounse, the demure mother—this is still the ideal. A few maidens, mistresses and mothers are demure. A few pretend to be. But the vast majority are not. And they don’t pretend to be. We don’t expect a girl skilfully driving her car to be demure, we expect her to be dauntless. What good would demure and maidenly Members of Parliament be, inevitably responding: Oh, yes, if you please, kind sir! — Though of course there are masculine members of that kidney.—And a demure telephone girl? Or even a demure stenographer? Demureness, to be sure, is outwardly becoming, it is an outward mark of femininity, like bobbed hair. But it
goes with inward dauntlessness. 1)

With the two kinds of femininity go two kinds of confidence: There are the women who are cocksure, and the women who are hensure. A really up-to-date woman is a cocksure woman. She doesn’t have a doubt nor a qualm. She is the modern type. Whereas the old-fashioned demure woman was sure as a hen is sure, that is, without knowing anything about it. She went quietly and busily cluciking around, laying the eggs and mothering the chickens in a kind of anxious dream that still was full of sureness. But not mental sureness. Her sureness was a physical condition, very soothing, but a condition out of which she could easily be startled or frightened.

It is quite amusing to see the two kinds of sureness in chickens. The cockerel is, naturally, cocksure. He crows because he is certain it is day., Then the hen peeps out from under her wing. He marches to the door of the henhouse and pokes out his lead assertively: Ah ha! daylight, of course, just as I said! — and he majestically steps down the chicken ladder towards terra firma, knowing that the hens will step cautiously after him, drawn by his confidence. So after him, cautiously, step the hens. He crows again: Ha-ha! here we are!— It is indisputable, and the hens accept it entirely. He marches towards the house. From the house a person ought to appear, scattering corn. Why does the person not appear? The cock will see to it. He is cocksure. He gives a loud crow in the doorway, and the person appears. The hens are suitably impressed but immediately devote all their henny consciousness to the scattered corn, pecking absorbedly, while the cock runs and fusses, cocksure that he is responsible for it all.

So the day goes on. The cock finds a tit-bit, and loudly calls the hens. They scuffle up in henny surety, and gobble the tit-bit. But when they find a juicy morsel for themselves, they devour it in silence, hensure. Unless, of course, there are little chicks, when they most anxiously call the brood. But in her own dim surety, the hen is really much surer than the cock, in a differenty way. She marches off to lay her egg, she secures obstinately the nest she wants, she lays her egg at last, then steps forth again with prancing confidence, and gives that most assured of all sounds, the hensure cackle of a bird who has laid her egg. The cock, who is never so sure about anything as the hen is about the egg she has laid, immediately starts to cackle like the female of his species. He is pining to be hensure, for hensure is so much surer than cocksure. Nevertheless, cocksure is boss. When the chickenhawk appears in the sky, loud are the cockerel’s calls of alarm. Then the hens scuffle under the verandah, the cock ruffles his feathers on guard. The hens are numb with fear, they say: Alas, there is no health in us! How wonderful to be a cock so bold!—And they huddle, numbed. But their very numbness is hensurety.

Just as the cock can cackle, however, as if he had laid the egg, so can the hen bird crow. She can more or less assume his cocksurensess. 2)

It seems to me just the same in the vast human farmyard. Only nowadays all the cocks are cackling and pretending to lay eggs, and all the hens are crowing and pretending to call the sun out of bed. 3) So the women step forth with a good loud cock-a-doodle-do!

The tragedy about cocksure women is that they are more cocky, in their assurance, than the cock himself. They never realize that when the cock gives his loud crow in he morning, he listens acutely afterwards, to hear if some other wretch of a cock dare crow defiance, challenge. To the cock, there is always defiance, challenge, danger and death on the clear air; or the possibility thereof.

But alas, when the hen crows, she listens for no defiance or challenge. When she says cock-a-doodle-do! then it is unanswerable. The cock listens for an answer, alert. But the hen knows she is unanswerable. Cock-a-dooodle-do! and there it is, take it or leave it!
4)

It is the tragedy of the modern woman. She becomes cocksurem, she puts all her passion and energy and years of her life into some effort or assertion, without ever listening for the denial which she ought to take into count. She is cocksure, but she is a new all the time. Frightened of her own henny self, she rushes to mad lengths about votes, or welfare, or sports, or business: she is marvellous, out-manning the man. But alas, it is all fundamentally disconnected. It is all an attitude, and one day the attitude will become a weird cramp, a pain, and then it will collapse. And when it has collapsed, and she looks at the eggs she has laid, votes, or miles of typewriting, years of business efficiency—suddenly, because she is a hen and not a cock, all she has done will turn into pure nothingness to her. 5)

［A］If women today are cocksure, men are hensure. Men are timid, tremulous, rather soft and submissive, easy in their very henlike tremulousness. They only want to be spoken to gently.

［B］The girl who has got to make her way in life has got to be dauntless, and if she has a pretty, demure manner with it ,then luck girl. she kills two birds with two stones.

［C］conventional ideas about women seems pretty much cut and dried in the modern society.

［D］And yet she is never so easy, cocksure, as she used to be when she was hensure. Cocksure, she is cocksure , but uneasy. Hensure, she trembles, but is easy.

［E］And it is this that makes the cocksureness of women so dangerous, so devastating. It is really out of scheme, it is not in relation to the rest of things. So we have the tragedy of cocksure women. They find, so often, that instead of having laid an egg, they have laid a vote, or an emply ink-bootle, or some other absolutely unhatchable object, means nothing to them.

［F］But the women pointed out the men had not produced anything, and the human race was pretty much starving.

［G］Suddenly it all falls out of relation to her basic henny self, and she realizes she has lost her life. The lovely henny surety, the hensureness which is the real bliss of every female, has been denied her: she had never had it. Having lived her life with such utmost strenuousness and cocksureness, she has missed her life altogether. Nothingness!

答案及解析

    1) B。“为生计所打拼的女孩子不得不勇敢无畏，如果她举止又温驯娴淑，那么她就是个幸运的女孩子。她两方面都很成功。”此处，作者隐藏了自己的观点，提出大多数人接受的观点，在现代社会中，女性要勇敢无畏。

    2） D。从上一句“assume his cocksureness”（装出公鸡般自信）可知，母鸡此时虽然自信，却不自在（uneasy），且从上一段最后一句“And they huddle, numbed. But their very numbness is hensurety（本性）”看出它们温驯谦卑时，却感觉舒服。

    3） A。此处指出在人类社会中，却与鸡的世界相反，公鸡假装下蛋，母鸡假装叫太阳起床，因此女人是自信外露，男人是温柔顺从的，故选择A。

    4） E。作者文笔一转，指出女人的自信危险甚至具有毁灭性的原因，从上一段“It is the tragedy of the modern woman”看，作者旨在表明她们产下的不是蛋而是选举权，空墨水瓶或其他完全不出东西的玩意儿，所有这些对她们都毫无价值。

    5） G。全文总结。作者观点明了，现代社会女人感受不到幸福，因为她们逆自然规律而行事，“it falls out of relation to her basic henny self”她的业绩与母鸡一样的本性毫无关系，所以nothingness（一切毫无价值）

中心思想

作者阐述了这样的观点：现代女性并不幸福，因为她们一般要在社会中扮演和男人一样的角色。但作者并不是直接表达自己的观点，相反，他先把自己的观点隐藏起来，开篇区分两类女性：矜持端庄型的（demure）和勇敢无畏型的（dauntless），进而指出现代女性多属后者，这是为缓和读者开始的对抗情绪，接下来的几段中作者把人类生活与鸡的生活类比。最后，作者笔锋一转，从农家鸡院转到广阔的人类舞台。女人与生俱来温驯谦卑，受人保护，但现代社会却迫使她们必须和男人一样勇敢无畏，为此她们必须拼命努力，到头来却感觉不到真正的幸福，因为她们逆自然规律而行事。

练习二

    One morning, a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. 1）Only after a three-month sabbatical — during which he read essayist Lewis Thomas, listened to Ravel and walked with his wife on a Caribbean beach— was he able to return to his post. That week, his picture was on the cover of Newsweek magazine beside the banner headline “Exhausted!”
In the relentless busyness of modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. I speak with people in business and education, doctors and day-care workers, shopkeepers and soial workers, parents and teachers, nurses and lawyers, students and therapists, community activist and cooks. Remarkably, there is a universal refrain:“ I am so busy”. The more our life speeds up, the more we feel weary, overwhelmed and lost.

    2) Instead,the whole experience of being alive begins to melt into one enormous obligation. It becomes the standard greeting everywhere:"I am so busy."

    We say this to one another with no small degree of pride. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, to be unable to find time for the sunset (or even to know that the sun has set at all), to whiz through our obligations without time for a single mindful breath — this has become the model of a successful life.

    Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We lose the nourishment that gives us succor. We miss the quiet that gives us wisdom. Poisoned by the hypnotic belief that good things come only through tireless effort, we never truly rest.

    This is not the world we dreamed of when we were young. How did we get so terribly rushed in a world saturated with work and responsibility, yet somehow bereft of joy and delight?
We have forgotten the Sabbath.

    3）It is time to be nourished and refreshed as we let our work, our chores and our important projects lie fallow, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world when we are at rest.
If certain plant species do not lie dormant during winter, the plant begins to die off. 4）

    So "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply a lifestyle suggestion. It is a commandment, an ethical precept as serious as prohibitions against killing, stealing and lying.

    Sabbath is more than the absence of work. Many of us, in our desperate drive to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, feel terrible guilt when we take time to rest. But the Sabbath has proven its wisdom over the ages. Many of us still recall when not long ago, shops and offices where closed on Sundays. Those quiet Sunday afternoons are embedded in our cultural memory.

    Much of modern life is specifically designed to seduce our attention away from rest. When we are in the world with our eyes wide open, the seductions are insatiable.5）For those of us with children, there are endless soccer practices, baseball games, homework, laundry, housecleaning, errands. Every responsibility, every stimulus competes for our attention: Buy me .Do me. Watch me. Try me. Drink me. It is as if we have inadvertently stumbled into some horrific wonderland.

［A］Rest is not just a psychological convenience; it is a biological necessity.

［B］After years of non-stop toil in an atmosphere that rewarded frantic overwork, Rudenstine collapsed.

［C］Hundreds of channels of cable and satellite television; phones with multiple lines and call-waiting. begging us to talk to more than one person at a time; mail, e-mail and overnight mail, fax machines; billboards; magazines; newspapers; radio.

［D］Sometimes you can have a rest on Sundays. But your heart and soul is no longer quiet.

［E］Sabbath is the time that consecrated to enjoy and celebrate what is beautiful and good — time to light candles, sing songs, worship, tell stories, bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, nap, walk and even make love.

［F］Once upon a time. Sabbath is our heaven. We often walk in the green parks with friends or have a picnic lunch with the family. Listening to the birds on the tree makes me feel peaceful. But whatever happened to sunday now?

［G］Today our life and work rarely feel light, pleasant or healing.

答案及详解

    1.B。通读全文，不难掌握大意，作者试图回答一个人人都困惑的问题“我们的休息日，我们舒适的，轻松的生活哪里去了”。本文用哈佛大学校长的例子作引，空白处下首的句子意为“在三个月休假后，他才能重新工作”说明空白处的句子依然谈论的是校长当时疲惫的状况，因此选项B符合要求。

    2.G。第三段段首空出，而下句用一个Instead连接说明上下文是转折关系，而同时我们结合第二段来分析，第二段主要说明现在的人，不管职业、年龄、身份，都整日处于奔波劳碌中，所以起到承上启下作用的选项G是最佳选择。

    3.E。上文是单句段“我们已经将礼拜日尘封脑后了”，而下文则提出“家务事和重要规划暂且搁在一边，让我们好好享受”承接前文，后面顺理成章的回忆了礼拜日快乐的时光，最后振臂高呼“让我们好好享受吧”可见，空白处是关于对以往快乐礼拜日的重现，所以，运用了一系列排比句子的选项E很贴切，有极强的感染力。

    4.A。此处答案较为简单，从上下文看都有很明显的暗示，而选项A“休息不仅是心理上的舒适也是生理上的必需”，不但能够前后呼应，而且浑然一体，逻辑十分严密。

    5.C。从上文“我们的欲望是无穷无尽的”下面列举了一系列的娱乐方式，如电视、电话、邮件、传真等等，意在渲染强烈的感情色彩，以证明“无穷无尽”的论点，所以选项C为正确答案。

中心思想

本文引用哈佛大学的校长的例子展开全文，指出现在人们的生活越来越乏味，工作越来越忙，时间越来越不够用，总是处于疲于奔命的状态，原本轻松，愉快的休息日早已销声匿迹了，面对越来越快的生活节奏，越来越多的娱乐活动，我们反而再也找不到往昔的欢乐，逐渐地在物欲横流的叫嚣声中迷失了自我。

练习三

    These are things to watch out for when starting to invest.

    Calculate your worth: Make a note of all your assests, no matter how insignificant they seem. 1).

    Know your risk levels: 2). Consider the objective behind your decision to invest: are you aiming to retire in a decade, or are you saving for a deposit on a house? Your age and circumstances, as well as economic conditions, will determine the right investment for you.

    Have a nest egg: Keep at least three months’ wages available in cash before considering any other investment. That way, you will not lose out by having to liquidate a poorly-performing asset at an unfavourable time.

    Learn the basics: 3)The market for property may appear favourable for first-time homebuyers, but a house is an illiquid investment. Equities are relatively volatile, but can be liquidated quickly.

    Take advice: 4) News takes a long time to filter down to the guy in the street and chances are that any hot tip is past its sell-by date. Spend some time with a financial adviser, read the papers or books on investing. That way, you can make educated decisions.

    Diversify: Once you have a core position, look around for satellite investments that may spice up your portfolio. Do not only buy equities, consider bonds, property or collectibles to protect yourself against poor performance in one asset class.

    Hang in there: Stick to your plan, even if your investment seems to be floundering. New investors are often driven by emotion and react at the wrong times. 5).

［A］ Create a core investment portfolio in something solid such as blue—chip stocks that will bring in steady gains over the years.

［B］That way, you can work out what sort of investment suits you and over what time frame.

［C］ Find out about various asset classes and their characteristics.

［D］ By this way, you avoid having to decide when the time is right to buy — a skill even most mature investors fail to get right.

［E］Financial experts will tell you that timing the market is almost impossible, but time in the market will eventually pay off.

［F］Think carefully about your future plans and where you would like to be in a few years’ time.

［G］Avoid following the herd and buying into the latest fashionable initial public offering .

答案及详解

    1.B。估算财产，以及Make a note（做记录）的目的，显然是为了搞清楚投资类型，所以选B。

    2.F。从下文，考虑一下决定投资的目的：你10年内打算退休呢还是为了买房而存款，显然是在思考未来的计划以及生活环境，所以选F。

    3.C。从后文对房地产市场以及股票的特点分析看，此处作者对basics（常识）的概括是指，搞清有关的各种不同资产类别及其特点。

    4.G。文中提到对普通人来讲，信息需要很长时间方能传到他们的耳中，因此“any hot tip is past its sell- by date”。得知的热门消息往往是过时的。所以我们知道作者此句旨在强调不要随波逐流去买进一些时髦证券。

    5.E。前文说到投资新手常常感情冲动，在错误的时间里做出反应，且此段标题为hang in there（坚持不懈）。显然，我们知道此句应为E中前面一个timing the market指掌握市场（买卖时机）后一个time in manket 指在市场上坚持下去。

中心思想

本文论述投资必须谨记的几件事情，估算财产以搞清投资类型，了解投资风险和基本常识，咨询理财顾问，阅读相关书稿。投资方式多样化以及坚持执行计划。

练习四

    Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists. But I think the following would be generally accepted.

    First, 1)But it does rule out such types as the overexcitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and overbearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.

    Secondly, 2）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant- not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.

    Thirdly, 3）This does not mean being a saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act- to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.

    On the other hand, 4）He must be pretty resilient, teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.

    Finally, 5） There are three principle objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and - by far the most important- the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.

［A］it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy - in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.

［ B］a teacher must be capable of infinite patronee. This, I may say, is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and selftraining, because none of us were born like that.

［C］the teacher’s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm.

［D］A teacher must remain mentally alert, He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable (they happen!) and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment’s notice

［ E］A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what’s going on in your life.

［F］I think a teacher should have the kind of mind, which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it.

［G］I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.

答案及解析

    1）C。这是要你判断教师首先必须具备的个人品质。从后文中应排除忧郁、冷漠、生性呆板等性格特征看，与之对应的应是“pleasantly live” attractive. 从“does rule out” 我们应发现与之对应的“does not rule out”：所以C最符合原文

    2）A。与“tolerant”联系紧密的是什么。只有深刻的从内心理解对方，才能做到“tolerant of the frailty and immaturity of human nature”。显然A项与此联系最紧密

    3）G。表明诚实的含义，不是对做圣人，而是一种对一生准则的选择。

    4）B。从后文“innumerable peoty irritation”看，处理那些数不清的，琐碎的令人恼火的事情 infinite patience 当然是必须的，我们选B。

    5）F。从 There are three principle objects of study 这段是要突出永远学习的必要性。而不是D中所单指的 “intelligence”

中心思想

本文论述了教师理想的个人品质。

他应该是精力充沛，令人愉快的，他要有真诚的必不可少的同情心，在知识、道德上诚实，具有无限耐心，最后，他还要有一颗永远渴望学习的心。

练习五

    Americans wear black for mourning. Chinese wear white. Westerners think of dragons as monsters. Chinese honor them as symbols of God. Chinese civilization has often shown such polarities with the West, as though each stands at extreme ends of a global string. 1）

    His findings go far toward explaining why American cultures seem so contentious and Chinese cultures so passive, when compared to each other. More importantly, the research opens the way for the peoples of the East and the West to learn from each other in fundamental ways. 2） said kaiping Peng, a former Beijing scholar, who is now a UC Borkeley assinstant professor of psychology.

    “Americans have a terrible need to find out who is right in an argument,” said Peng. “The problem is that at the interpersonal level, you really don’t need to find the truth, or may be there isn’t any.” Chinese people, said Peng, are far more content to think that both sides have flaws and virtues, because they have a holistic awareness that life is full of contradictions. They do far less blaming of the individual than do Americans, he added.

    In studies of interpersonal argument, for example, when subjects were asked to deal with contradictory information stemming from conflict between a mother and a daughter or a student and a school, Peng found that Americans were “noncompromising, blaming one side- usually the mother -- for the causes of the problems, demanding changes from one side to attain a solution and offering no compromise” in dealing with the conflict.
3）

    In tests of scientific thinking, however, the Chinese came up short. Asked to determine which statement was true-- whether, for instance, smoking makes people gain or lose weight-- Chinese respondents took the middle road, even when they believed one statement to be less true than another.
4）

    He believes that this tendency to find the middle way has hampered Chinese efforts to seek out scientific truth through aggressive argumentation, the classic Western method for forging a linear path through contradictory information, which results in identifying right and wrong answers.
Dialectical thinking also has a Western version, which Americans often consider the highest, most sophisticated form of reasoning, said Peng. This type of reasoning allows people to proceed from thesis to antithesis, to synthesis.
5）

［A］In Chinese folk wisdom, by comparison, people do not attempt to work through the contradictions, following a cultural tradition which holds that reality is “multilayered, unpredictable and contradictory,” and is in a constant state of change, Peng said.

［B］“It can hardly be right to move to the middle when you have just read evidence for a less plausible view. Yet that is what the Chinese subjects did,”said Peng.

［ C］The Chinese could learn much from Western methods for determining scientific truth,and Americans could profit enormously from the Chinese tolerance for accepting contradictions in social and personal life.

［D］Compared to this angry, blaming merican stance, the Chinese were paragons of compromise, finding fault on both sides and looking for solutions that moved both sides to the middle.

［E］The best way is to use bothone style for science and another for relationships. Maybe that will be the real benefit of multicultralism.

［F］“They should stop blaming each other, poor people and immigrants, and talk about what we can do as a society to become more tolerant,” said Peng.

［G］ Now a University of California, Berkeley, Psychologist has discovered deeper polatities between Chinese and American cultures-- polarities that go to the heart of how we reason and discover truth.

答案及详解

    1.G。文章开头即指明中、西文化宛如地球的两个端点，从第二段第二句以及第六段的“In tests of scientific … short”看，此处作者想更进一步表明中、西在“reason and discover truth”上的差异。

    2.C。前文是两者的不同，这里指出应互相学习。
干扰项为E，但我们注意到，E过于笼统，而C句中的“scientific truth”与“social and personal life”与下面展开的段落直接相关，所以选C。

    3.D。上一段举例表明美国人在人际关系中，互相指责，此段作为对比，显示了中国人的中庸之道，这一段是围绕第三段中“They do far less blaming of the individual than do Americans.”展开的。

    4.B。在肯定中国人在处理人际关系中的优势后，作者随即指出其在 scientific thinking 上折中主义的劣势，从下文的“hamper”可以看出，作者对在科学问题上也采用折中主义这种方法是不赞成的，因此我们选B。

    5.A。对比中西方辨证思维模式的不同。从上文中的西方的推理是由正题推出反题，进而推出合理看，此处应为论述中国人认为现实是“multilayered, contradictions”的思维方式。

中心思想

本文论述了中美文明在社会关系和科学问题上的差异，美国人在人际关系中比较好斗，而中国人倾向寻求折中的解决方案，在科学问题中，中国人也经常采用中间路线，美国人的直线前进的方法，往往可以辨明正确和错误的答案，作者主张生活中采用中国方式，科学上采用美国方式。

练习六

    Seventyfive years ago all British women were finally given what all British men had been granted 10 years earlier — the right to vote. First off the blocks to mark the occasion has been,oddly, the Sun (that same organ, ironically, mostly‘celebrates’women’s emancipation with a naked interest in their bulging breasts and shapely bums).
That no one else has yet seemed to notice reflects the fact that the winning side in the equality war doesn’t want to waste precious time crowing. 1）

    Like the military. A report last week slammed the Army for sexism, complaining that women are called‘girls’ —quite different, the authors said, from referring to the troops as‘our boys’. 2）‘Girls’, by contrast, is derogatory and demeaning. This was only to be expected, the authors pointed out, from an institution that enjoys ‘partial’exemption from equal opportunities legislation—and thus can exclude its ‘girls’ from some direct combat positions. How chauvinist can you get?
But hold on: do women really want to turn Dad’s Army into Mum’s Army, a posse of latterday Amazons braving the front line, cheek by jowl with their male counterparts? We don’t want to stand beside the boys and fire rifles into the whites of Iraqi eyes. Nor are we gasping for a chance to be blasted to smithereens by a cluster bomb. I may not be crazy about being called ‘girl’ 3）

    Yet this kind of jobequalising —if Jack can do it, Jill sure as hell can do it better—has long been cherished by social planners, feminist or not. For decades, menonly enclaves gave women their battle cry: let me in there! The exclusion zone in those days ranged from smart clubs, manual work, the Church of England and the armed forces.

    Now it has shrunk to a few motheaten armchairs in clubland; the golfers’ paradise — the Royal and Ancient Club of St Andrews; the Roman Catholic priesthood; and frontline combat.

    The head of the Stock Exchange is a woman, female plumbers are growing in numbers (including that Oxford graduate, Nicola Gillison, who made headlines recently because she ditched her consultancy job for a mole wrench), and one in 12 of the Army is female. As for women lorry drivers, that should be no surprise. Women drivers have such a sterling record that insurance companies now offer cheaper premiums in return for the promise that no man will come anywhere near the four wheels of their car.

    4） As the foreigner chewed his dumplings at some dire Intourist restaurant in the Soviet Union, his (or her) surprised gaze might alight upon the workers outside in their drab overalls. Who were those stocky muscular figures clambering up the scaffolding with buckets of primrose yellow paint to freshen up the crumbling facades of the surrounding buildings? Women. Who was heaving the garbage containers into the dilapidated rubbish truck? Women. Who was shovelling up the piles of dirt and grit left in the melted snow by the side of the road? Women.

    And what of the Israeli army, which believes women sabras as well as men should face enemy fire? That idea has proved a disaster — with men behaving suicidally to protect the women, casualties mounting, and the government now considering legislation to keep women away from the front. It’s been a dire tale in the American military too, with physical strength tests rigged to accommodate women soldiers who with the best will in the world cannot throw a hand grenade to a safe distance.

    There’s nothing wrong with a handful of supertough modernday GI Janes being hooked on Jane’s Guide to Extra Lethal Infantry Weapons, or wasting their weekends playing wasr games; the modern military needs women to boost its flagging recruits, and if supply now matches demands, I am sure we can all rest more easily in the shadow of the Axis of Evil.
5）

［A］Social engineering that fixes men and women in the same post, at all costs, makes no sense.

［B］Given such progress, only rabid equalisens would argue that they cannot rest until women have the right to be windbagged by some old geezer reading Horse and Hound by the fire; or risk death or a war wound through their rightful place on the front line.

［C］but that doesn’t mean I want to be mowed down with the ‘boys’ in the killing fields.

［D］They want to get on with dealing the most humiliating defeat upon the remaining enemy: foes such as those employers who pay women less than comparable men; the corporations with an allmale hierarchy at the top; and of course the men who tiresomely persist in sexist words or behaviour.

［E］‘Boys’, it seems, is a good, encouraging, matey kind of word.

［F］But a woman does not need to be in the firing line to feel as good as a man. That is an equality too far.

［G］The army is slammed for sexism, but do we want a ‘Mum’s Army?

答案及详解

    1.D。从文章开头，我们可以看到本文主要讨论了现代男女性别歧视问题，空白处前一句话表明，这场平等之战的赢家并不想浪费宝贵的时间去欢呼。这就暗示了这场战争还未完结，顺着这个逻辑思路，不难看到选项D是符合上下文的。

    2.E。从下文“Girls， by contrast, is derogatory and demeaning.” 得知上文是与这句“by contrast” 的。所以对应来说大致的意思就应该为“既然‘姑娘们’。这个称呼是贬义的，有辱人格的，那么‘小伙子们’就是鼓舞人心的，表示友好的称呼”，所以应选E。

    3.C。本段开首用一个否定表示作者并不认为所谓的平等就是与那些“小伙子们”并肩战斗，浴血战场。而且在字里行间也一直贯穿着这个意思，所以最后一句也不会偏离这个语境，选项C用在这里衔接很自然。

    4.A。此处空白是段首句，而上一段作者列举了种种女性勇往直前的工作领域，其后又用讽刺的笔调描画了苏联所谓男女平等的社会工作的滑稽可笑的情境，由此而见，作者并不赞成女性盲目地追求形式上的平等。而选项A意为“千方百计让男女干同样工作的社会工程毫无意义”，即起到了承前的作用、又开启了下文。

    5.F。此处为本文结束语，前一段作者认为女性作为兵源的补充，既是合情的，也是合理的。最后一段作为全篇总结，既要与上一段呼应又要回扣题目“我不会为平等而送死。”抓住。“战争”、“平等”两个关键词，我们不难锁定选项F为正确答案。

中心思想

本文作者以轻松诙谐的笔调探讨了什么是男女间真正的平等。作者抓住军队这个大环境，用一系列的假设和举例阐述了自己的观点，即女性应该去追求两性平等，但没有必要处处要求平等，更没有必要单纯为了平等而平等。只有合情合理的平等才能造就合谐的社会和心灵。

练习七

    1) Many of the options have already been rehearsed in the press: excluding some treatments from the NHS, charging for certain drugs and services, and developing voluntary or compulsory health insurance schemes.

    2） we spend about 7 per cent of GDP on health, compared with 9 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in France and Germany. In terms of health outcomes versus spend, we compare pretty favourably.
I don’t see private health care providing much of the solution to current problems. 3) Neither is close to being implemented, but the future could see a deliberate shift of attention to voluntary health insurance and an emphasis on social insurance.

    4) Even so, higher taxes will plainly be needed to fund health care. I think we’ll eventually see larger NHS charges, more rationing of medical services and restrictions on certain procedures without proven outcomes. Stricter eligibility criteria for certain treatments are another possibility.

    5) None of them is going to win votes for the political party desperate enough to introduce them— but then nobody is going to vote for illhealth or an early death either.

［A］English National Health Service is a universal healthkeeping system. But Now, the shortage of money becomes a serious problem.

［B］All such options would mean a sharp break with tradition and political fallout that could be extremely damaging.

［C］The options provides solution to the shortage of money problem.

［D］ I expect individuals to take greater responsibility for their personal health using technology that allows selfdiagnosis followed by selftreatment or home care

［E］ Looking at how far we’ll be able to fund the Health Service in the 2lst century raises any number of thorny issues.

［F］More likely is a shift from universal health coverage to topup schemes which give people basic health entitlements but require them to finance other treatment through private financing, or optout schemes which use tax relief to encourage individuals to make private provision.

［G］ Compared to its European Union counterparts Britain operates a lowcost health system

答案及详解

    1.E。第一段可译为“看一看21世纪我们能为国民保健服务提供多少资金,会发现一大堆棘手问题。许多解决办法已经在报纸上讨论过多次，例如把一些治疗项目从国民保健服务中剔除出去，对某些药物和服务实行收费，建立自愿或强制性医疗保险制度等等。”选项A是干扰事项。选项A是最根本上的问题。

    2.G。“与欧盟其他国家相比，英国实行的是一套低成本医疗保健体系：我们花在医疗保健方面的钱占国内生产总值的百分之七，与荷兰、法国、德国相比，我们的表现还是不错的。”因为后面列举了本国以及其他国家医疗保健占国内生产点值的百分比，可以看出英国实行低成本医疗保健体系。

    3.F。“更可行的办法是由全民医疗保健制转向补差付费制，后一制度让人们享有基本的医疗保健权，但要求个人自筹资金支付超出基本医疗保健的费用；另一个办法是实行退出制，即利用减税鼓励个人解决自己的医疗保险问题。”作者认为私费医疗保健对于解决目前问题起不了多大作用，接着提出相比之下更多可行的办法。

    4.D。“我预计，利用使个人能够自诊，然后自疗的技术或通过家居护理，人们将对自身健康负起更大责任。”下文：即使如此，显然仍要增税为医疗保健提供资金。我们最终会看到国民保健服务收费会更高，更多的医疗服务实行定量配给，对未证明以有效果的某些疗法会加以更多的限制……。选项关键词语：Even so。

    5.B。“所有这些解决办法都意味着与传统一刀两断，而且可能会产生极具破坏性的政治影响。没有哪种办法会给万不得已采取这一办法的政党赢得选票——但是也没人会投票赞成身体多病或过早死亡。”选项C为干扰项。

中心思想

英国的国民保健服务是一种全民医疗保健体系，儿童、孕妇及低收入的人看病不要钱，其他人看病只交挂号费性质的处方费。不过处方费年年涨，如今已到6.2磅，可是资金短缺仍是一个大问题。

练习八

    From the seventeenthcentury empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956. 1)

    2） Triple gundecks mounted sixtyfour bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.

    As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10,1628, Stockholm was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind. They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship. The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with red and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day.
3）4）

    As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo,ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. 5)In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying - in the harbour of her birth.

［A］All gunports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them.

［B］ Vasa sailed majesticly out of the bay.

［C］This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.

［D］King Gustavus Adolphus, ‘The Northern Hurricane’, then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years’ War, had dictated her measurements and armament.

［E］The lower gunports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship’s fate.

［F］ As soon as her discovery, the world became shocken.

［G］Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply. As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennants waving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.

答案及详解

    1.C。文章开篇介绍一艘瑞典皇家大船1628年在处女航中沉船，直到1956年才被人们发现。选C整个第一段才把事件交待清楚。干扰项是F因为下段也没有再提船的名字，所以第一段要交待出主要“人物”。

    2.D。第二段交待事情的缘由，1498~1632年之间，瑞典新教势力与波兰天主都势力之间的战争及王室之间联姻带来的积怨使战争时断时续。古斯塔夫斯(Gustavus) 二世接替王位后（1594~1632），瑞典雄踞上风，准备再一次出海远征，Vasa （瓦萨）战舰就是为出征建造的。

    3.G。前两段介绍背景，第三段后由背景转入1628年8月10日战船启航前的雄姿。第四、五两段很紧凑地叙述了启航那一刻的热闹场面及它突然倾叙下沉的悲剧。

    4.A。muzzles peeped wickedly 中，用 wickedly 这个词预示着这次航行的厄运。与上一句中 in a majestic spectacle 及 the red and gold of her superstructure 形成一种强烈的反差，干扰项为选项B。

    5.E。最后一段写了沉船时的情形，描写船身向左倾斜，无论用什么方法也没有人能止住这种倾斜，船最终下沉没顶，从此躺在波罗的海海底300余年之久。

中心思想

本文描写了“瓦萨”号出航前的雄风英姿及刹那间船体倾斜，货物、装备及船上400人顷刻葬身海底的海难悲剧。Vasa （瓦萨）是瑞典17世纪，更确切地说，是1628年一艘皇家大帆船的名字。这艘耗时三年建成的帆船工艺精细、装饰雄伟华丽，是一艘规模空前的战舰，它象征着17世纪上半叶以瑞典为代表的北欧新教势力与中欧波兰天主教势力之间的多年战乱结束时，瑞典的军事力量已达到鼎盛时期。

练习九

    The Revolutionary War, which began officially on April 19, 1775, dragged on for more than six bitter years. It was a conflict fought by the colonials for the righteous cause of securing freedom from intolerable British intervention in American affairs.

    1) When legal restrictions were implemented by both the British and the colonists in 1775, nearly all American overseas commerce abruptly ceased. By mid1775, the colonies faced acute shortages in such military essentials as powder, flints, muskets, and knives. Even salt, shoes, woolens, and linens were in short supply. Late in 1775, Congress authorized limited trade with the West Indies, mainly to procure arms and ammunitions, and trade with other nonBritish areas was on an unrestricted basis by the spring of 1776.

    2) Yet the colonies engaged in international trade despite the blockade. Formal treaties of commerce with France in 1778 and with Holland and Spain shortly thereafter stimulated the flows of overseas trade. Between 1778 and early 1782, American wartime commerce was at its zenith. During those years, France, Holland, Spain, and their possessions all actively traded with the colonies. Even so, the flow of goods in and out of the colonies remained well below prewar levels. Smuggling, privateering, and legal trade with overseas partners only partially offset the drastic trade reductions with Britain. Even the coastal trades were curtailed by a lack of vessels, by blockades, and by wartime freight rates. Britishoccupied ports, such as New York, generated some import activity but little or nothing in the way of exports.

    3)In Philadelphia, for instance, nearly 4,000 women were employed to spin materials in their homes for the newly established textile plants. A sharp increase also occurred in the number of artisan workshops with a similar stimulus in the production of beer, whiskey, and other domestic alcoholic beverages. 4)Only the leastcommercialized rural areas remained little affected by the serpentine path of war and the sporadic flows of wartime commerce.

    Overall, the war imposed a distinct economic hardship on the new nation. Most goods rose in cost and were more difficult to obtain. High prices and severe commercial difficulties encouraged some nvestors to turn from commerce to manufacturing. Then, once the trade lanes reopened with the coming of peace, even those who profited from the war were stung by the tide of imports that swept it to American ports and sharply lowered prices. 5)

［A］The rechanneling of American resources into importcompeting industries was especially strong along the coast and in the major port cities.

［B］As exports and imports fell, import substitution abounded, and the colonial economy became considerably more selfsufficient.

［C］ Although many Americans escaped the direct ordeals of war, few Americans were untouched by it — at least indirectly.

［D］ Nevertheless, the British maintained a fairly effective naval blockade of American ports, especially during the first two years of the war.

［E］ Internally, the most pressing problems were financial.

［F］More important was the fact that Congress had no independent income and had to rely for funds on catchascatchcan contributions from the states, made roughly in proportion to their individual populations.

［G］Maritime commerce was always an important factor in the war effort, and trade linkages were vital to the supply of arms and ammunitions.

答案及详解

    1.G。海上商业活动历来是战事中的重要环节，而保持贸易联系对于武器弹药的供应至关重要。第一段介绍了美国独立战争及意义。第二段说明独立战争的深刻根源。后面提到海外贸易的中止；火药、手雷、枪支及刀具比基本军需品的严重短缺。可知第一句应是对这两项的总体概述。所以应选G。

    2.D。然而，英国对美国港口实施了相当有效的海上封锁，尤其在独立战争的最初两年，由下文：尽管封锁严密，各殖民地仍然开展着对外贸易，可知选D。

    3.B。由于贸易活动的减少，进口替代品的生产兴旺起来，殖民地的经济因而更加自给自足。下文：例如在费城，新建的纺织厂雇用了近4000名妇女在家里纺织布料。工匠作坊也大量涌现，刺激了啤酒、威士忌及其它国产酒类的酿造。此段所举的例子都是为说明殖民地的经济因而更加自给自足。

    4.A。美国的生产资源流动与进口货对抗的行业，这一趋势在沿海地区及港口大城市尤为强劲，免受战争炮火硝烟与战时贸易封锁影响的只有那些远离商业活动的乡村地区。前面的“沿海地区及港口大城市”与后文“乡村地区”形成对比。

    5.C。虽然许多美国人逃脱了战争的直接厄运，但没有谁躲过战争的间接冲击。前文讲“总的来说，战争带给这个新兴的国家的是显而易见的经济困苦。大多数商品价格上涨，且供应紧张。昂贵的价格与贸易的极度艰难促使一些投资者从商业转向制造业。之后，随着战争的结束，贸易通道重新开放，即使那些在战争中赚了一笔的人都为潮水般地涌入美国港口并引起行情骤降的进口商品而痛心疾首。”选项E为干扰项。

中心思想

英国独立战争对于北美殖民地反对英国暴政、追求独立自主的正义事业意义深远。但是，如同其他战争一样，所付出的代价是沉重的。除了人员伤亡造成的巨大损失，军需供应扰乱了殖民地的经济秩序。此外，英国的贸易封锁造成物资匮乏，国内财政赤字引发恶性通货膨胀。尽管生活困窘，殖民地人群情激昂，又战斗又生产，带动了美国制造业的兴旺。

练习十

    On the ground floor of a fivestory building in Rome, Italy, a leadaproned man carefully places a 400yearold painting on a table. Then he steps back and flips the switch of a 50,000volt X-ray machine. Nearby, another painting is being wheeled into a special oven. Elsewhere the buzz of a power saw is heard from behind a closed door. Two workers are cutting the back off a 500yearold wood panel painting.

    Such things happen every day at Rome’s Institute of Restoration. 1)
In terms of art treasures, Italy is one of the richest countries in the world. Yet until 1939, when Italy’s government founded the Institute, the country’s museums had to hire private restorers for cleaning and repair jobs. Says Doctor Urbani, “Most of the restorers did not have proper training. They often did more harm than good.”
    No wonder they did harm. 2)

    3)Sometimes they even changed the picture.
Any number of things can damage a work of art. Smog eats away at stone and metal. Insects chew wood. Moisture causes wood and canvas to swell, shrink and finally rot. For one art show, a painting was flown from England to Rome. During the flight, the canvas shrank so much that the paint lost its grip and began peeling. When the box was opened in Rome, there was a halfbare painting——and a pile of tiny colored flakes.

    Doctor Urbani remembers,“The painting was rushed to us. It looked hopeless. But we never give up on a case.” After months of slow, careful work, every piece of paint had been puzzled back together and glued on a new canvas. The job was so well done that no damage could be seen.

    When a painting arrives at the art hospital, it goes to the laboratory, where scientific work is done. Infrared and ultraviolet photographs are taken. 4) Newer coats of paint stand out as dark spots against older coats of paint. If there seems to be a different picture beneath the one showing on the surface, the painting is finally Xrayed.

    Paintings on wood are then carried into a boxcarsized room. 5) For 24 hours, a deadly gas seeps into all the cracks in the wood to kill hidden bugs and their eggs. Paintings on torn canvas go to a room where new cloth backings are glued and ironed on. Finally the paintings are ready to be given new life by one of the restorers.

［A］Instead of just touching up damaged spots, most early restorers painted over them with a heavy hand.

［B］Using these photographs and an analysis of the paint, it began removing dirt and old, yellowed varnish with cotton dipped in a special liquid.

［C］Headed by Doctor Giovanui Urbani, the men and women here work at keeping works of art in good health.

［D］These photographs make it possible to see through the thin top coats of paint to find out if the painting has been touched up or painted over in the past.

［E］They often cleaned paintings with strong black soap, or scrubbed them with raw onions and green apples.

［F］The door is sealed shut.

［G］After cleaning, they began the job of filling in the spots where paint was missing.

答案及详解

    1.C。开篇第一段，向人们展示了两幅场景，那究竟是要做什么呢？其实从后面的文章不难理解，这说的是一家“艺术品医院”，所以填入此处的句子应点明这个主题。

    2.E。文章第四段第一句说，难怪乎他们只会损坏文物，接下来的描述就证明了这一点，即用“肥皂、生洋葱、青苹果去擦拭作品”。

    3.A。文章第五段最后一句说“有时他们甚至改变了整幅作品”，可见破坏的更为严重，这已不仅仅是“对损坏的地方修正改正，而是干脆大笔一挥，在上面重画一气”。
这里要注意选项E与选项A比较容易位置混淆，但是只要分清它们各自表述的程度的轻重，也就可以把握了。

    4.D。这句话的意思是“这些红外线和紫外线照片可以使人们透过上面薄薄一层油彩看到下面是否以前修补过或重新绘过”可见这是一种处理修复受损艺术品的方法，而全文第八段说的都是这个。

    5.F。“屋门关得严严实实”咋一看，这句话似乎没什么用，可是，从下一句我们看到“a deadly gas”（一种致命的气体），可见这句话也是必不可少了。

    B。这句话虽然也提到照片，但主要就是用来起迷惑作用的，因为它的意思与全文都不相符。

    G。这句话里也提到处理（clean）一些艺术品上的 spot，但显然这只是一个迷惑选项，与全文的内容不能融合、呼应，故不选填。

中心思想

本文向大家介绍了一家特殊的医院——艺术品医院，描述了如何对一些受损艺术品进行处理修复的方法和过程，也让人们了解了它存在的价值与重要性。

练习十一

    A new volcano was being born.
    The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! 1) People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.

    Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.

    Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are “sleeping”volcanoes. Sometime they may “wake up”.

    2)
Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it . 3)
People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon’s breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon’s moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true.
Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don’t happen just anywhere. 4) Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.
There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple.

    5)
One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.

［A］Other volcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.

［B］ Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.

［C］Smoke puffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.

［D］A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.

［E］Before a sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.

［F］A volcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.

［G］There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.

答案及详解

    1.B。填写这几句话时，应该从上下文的语境和语意中来理解，前一句说火山开始萌发了。后一句说人们把火山称为小恶魔因为是它萌发的十分迅速，可见中间的三句话应该描述的是火山萌发的过程，而需要填写的这三句话，简明、扼要、显得很有力量，同时也很形象地说明了问题。

    2.D。填写这段话时，应结合前文来看。文章的第四段说明了有一种火山的类型，就是“休眠火山”，那么下一段，理所当然可以举个例子来说明。

    3.E。填写这几句话时，也应该结合上文来理解。在本段的前几句提到，现在的火山已不再让人类感到那么恐惧，因为人类已经可以预知它的发生了。紧接下来，就从声音、地面晃动等情况描述了火山苏醒时的情景注意本句话比较容易和选项D填写的位置弄混淆。

    4.G。填写这句话时可以看到，前一句说的是我们已经知道火山不会在所有的地方爆发，那究竟哪些地方不会发生火山呢，这句话就作出了描述，讲明了原因。

    5.A。填写这段话时，应结合上文，前一段就说明了有很多种类型的火山，并列举了一种爆发时很猛烈的火山，那么与之对应，也就有爆发时相对温柔的火山。

    F。这段话也是描述了火山萌发过程，很容易将它填在①处，但它不合适的原因是，过于冗长，不适合当时的语言环境，不能很好的表达出人们要将火山称之为小恶魔时的恐惧的心情。

    C。这句话描述的是烟喷出，岩石迸出，火山即将爆发时的场景，显然没有其它合适的地方填这句话，另外，可能有人会将它与选项G混淆，应注意区分两者的意思。

中心思想

本文从火山喷发的过程。火山的种类、以及目前人类对火山的了解等诸多方面，较为详尽地向我们展示了火山这一奇妙的自然景观。

练习十二

    If you flew in an airplane over the continent of Antarctica, you would look down on a great sheet of snow and ice. The snow and ice slopes gently from a central plateau around the South Pole toward the sea. Along the coasts of Antarctica, sharp mountains rise up from the snow. Huge masses of ice called glaciers slide between the mountain ridges toward the sea. At the sea’s edge, tremendous icebergs break off the glacier and float away. They are often enormous in size.

    1) Most of the land beneath the snow is a great land mass. A chain of smaller islands is nearby. The islands and the land mass are joined into one continent by a thick blanket of ice.

    Antarctica has ninetenths of all the world’s ice. If all this ice melted, the level of the world’s oceans would rise 250 feet. Most cities along the coast would be drowned. In New York Harbor, water would almost cover the Statue of Liberty’s head. But the ice in Antarctica does not melt. The temperature stays well below freezing the year round in most places. Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. 2)

    Antarctica does not have much plant life. Only a few simple plants, such as mosses, lichens, and algae, can grow there. 3) But along the coasts of the continent there are many birds, fish, and animals.

    Thousands of whales and millions of seals swim in Antarctic seas. Six kinds of seals are found. The fur seal, the smallest, has long been hunted for its silky fur. The toughskinned elephant seal is the largest. It can weigh as much as four tons.

    4)
A number of birds live in Antarctica, and fly over the water and ice. 5) Each year it migrates between the northernmost islands of the Arctic (the region around the North Pole) and the shores of Antarctica —— a distance of about 11,000 miles.

［A］The temperature stays well below freezing the year round in most places. Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. The temperature there has been known to drop to more than 100 degrees below zero.

［B］The Arctic tern has been called the longdistance champion of the world.

［C］Most of the world’s whaling takes place in Antarctic waters. The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived. It may weigh as much as 150 tons and be 95 feet long. Smaller whales include the bottlenose, the humpback, the sperm, and the finback.

［D］They cannot fly, but they have flipperlike wings, which make them strong swimmers.

［E］Beneath the snow and ice of Antarctica lies land. Snow piles deeper and deeper on top of the land and hardens into ice. In some places, it is three miles deep.

［F］The climate is so harsh, and food so scarce, that people cannot settle in Antarctica.

［G］When the ice sheets pushed down from the north reaching as far south as the river, it does not encounter any mountains and hard rocks.

答案及详解

    1.E。填写这段话时，应同时根据上下文来理解，在文章第一段当时曾经出现过“the snow and ice”这个词，当然这就应该是一个很好的启发。第一段中说的是这些雪和冰从南极点向海里运动的过程，那么进入第二段时，我们很自然就会想，当这些雪和冰移到海里之后，他们下面又是什么，第二段的空白接下去的句子就提到了这些(beneath the snow ...)，而这与所要填写的选项正是相呼应的。

    2.A。填写这几句话时，主要应该从语意和语境上来理解。文章第三段的前部分，描述了南极洲存在着大量的冰，并且那些冰终年不化，于是我们就能自然而然的想到，那儿的温度也是非常之低的了。

    3.F。填写这句话时，也应同时结合上下文来看。前一句说到，南极洲仅有少数的植物生命存在，后一句说的是，在大洲的海岸沿线却存在许多鸟、鱼和动物。这里要引起注意的就是那个转折词“But ...”，说明前一句就应该是说有些动物类生命是不适合在那里生存的，即人。

    4.C。填写这段话时，应该看到它的前一段，即本文的第五段，说有成千上万的鲸以及
几百万之多的海豹在南极游嬉。而接下来的文字，却仅仅只是描述了海豹的种类及特征，那么很明显，剩下的文字，就应该比较具体的来描述鲸了。

    5.B。理解这句话并不难，主要在其中的一个单词“Arctic tern”，这是“北极燕鸥”，了解了它的意思，这句话也就看懂了。北极燕鸥在世界上被称为长距离飞行的冠军。

    D。这句话的意思是他们不能飞。但是有鳍状的翅膀，使他们更善于游泳，这显然是南极洲另外一种动物——企鹅的特征，故不能选，并且它与燕鸥飞行11，000 英里之间迁徙的后文相矛盾。

    G。这句话说的是那些冰块从北向南移动，不再会遇到山脉和岩石，这显然已经超出了文章的范围，因为这样的碎冰几乎已经走出了南极洲，成为人类可利用之水。并且它与在整个文章内容上不能衔接，故不能填。

中心思想

本文主要介绍了南极洲的自然风光，通过描述巨大的冰川、寒冷的天气，以及稀有的动植物，向我们较为全面地展示了南极洲的与众不同。

练习十三

    The attitude that intolerance is an evil is especially strong in Britain, where tolerance has been elevated into the Great National Virtue. 1) Listen to any public debate or radio phonein about immigration and you will hear people reiterating this view. Only the British, they say, would have allowed so many black and brown people into their country, would have treated them so well, given them jobs, put them on the National Health Service, and so on. 2)

    Their conclusion, of course, gives the game away, for the tolerance they are talking about does not in fact exist but is invented as a justification for present intolerance. 3) Tolerance, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is “the disposition to be patient with or indulgent to the opinions and practices of others” and “freedom from bigotry or undue severity in judging the conduct of others”. Can we honestly claim to be more lavishly bestowed with these attributes than people of other nations? I do not think so.

    4) But this does not mean they are particularly indulgent to other people’s behaviour. Do anything out of the ordinary — give a party, for example — and your neighbours will soon begin to bare their teeth. Try starting a business or opening a restaurant in a predominantly residential area, and all hell breaks loose.

    The British tend to be very critical of continental drivers, whom they accuse of uncontrolled aggressiveness. But while British drivers may be rather more reliable about sticking to the rules of the road, they are dangerously intolerant of other drivers who, in their view, are doing things they shouldn’t be doing. 5) In fact, I am much more frightened of British drivers than I am of French or Italian ones, for you can at least be reasonably confident with the latter that, unlike the British, they are not prepared to die — and take you with them — in order to prove a point.

［A］I myself may sometimes be incompetent or a bit too pushy as a driver but I have often been a victim of verbal abuse and terrifying revenge manoeurres quite out of proportion to any offence that I may have committed.

［B］We believe ourselves to be unique among nations in our generosity of spirit and our readiness to put up with all kinds of people.

［C］What is called tolerance may often be just unassertiveness or timidity, for it is true that most English people do not relish public rows or confrontations and will go to some lengths to avoid them.

［D］I will exclude from my reproof the animal sentimentalists and those who consistently reject cruelty in any form.

［E］It is a thoroughly hypocritical posture which makes one wonder whether British claims to being especially tolerant have any validity at all.

［F］British attitudes to bad habits like smoking and drinking also tend to be intolerant and are getting more so.

［G］And this, they conclude, is why no more of them should be allowed in.

答案及详解

    1.B。这句话的意思是说“我们认为我们宽宏大量的态度和愿意容忍各种人的行为的想法在各国之中是独一无二的”，可见，这句话是用来承接第一句的，进一步说明宽容已上升为英国的一种伟大的国家美德。

    2.G。文章的第二段开头就指出，那个结论，使英国人的宽容之说露出了马脚（give the game away），那么当然在那之前，应该说明他们的结论到底是什么。

    3.E。这句话的意思是“这是一种彻头彻尾的虚伪姿态，这种姿态使人们怀疑，英国人所声称的特别能容忍的说法是否能站得住”这也是用来承接前一句的，因为前面已经说明“他们所说的宽容并不是实际存在，而是编造出来为观念的偏狭辩护的”。

    4.C。这句话的意思是“究竟什么是宽容有时也是不确定的，因为事实上大部分英国人并不愿意在公众中争吵和对抗，并且会尽量避免它们”。这里应注意下一句中的转折词“But ...”，可见，它是将这句话进行了否定，并例举了几个例子。“这并不意味着他们能够容忍人们的行为”这样就正好呼应上了。

    5.A。这句话的意思是“（作为一个司机），有时我自己可能不太够格或者有点莽撞，但我经常遭到辱骂和可怕的报复，这对我可能犯过的过失而言，未免太过分了”，从文章的最后一段我们看出，全段都在讲述英国人对司机的严厉与偏狭，而这里插入这样一个例子，正好说明了问题。

    F。这句话是说英国人对那些嗜烟酗酒的人的态度将更不能容忍，这句话是对的，可是在全文中没有涉及，故不能选填。

    D。这句话的意思是“我不谴责那些同情动物者和那些一直反对任何形式的对动物的残酷行为的人”，这也从一个侧面反映了英国人对动物的冷淡，但同样没有在全文中提及，故不能选填。

中心思想

本文论的是英国人的“宽容”，可是它从多个角度，多个方面，论证了英国人宽容的虚伪性，揭露了他们宽容的本质。

练习十四

    We are seeing a series of paradoxes at the turn of the millennium. On the one hand, globalisation means that national frontiers are becoming increasingly meaningless, but on the other, we are being swept by a wave of parochialism, with countries clinging to the notion of sovereignty.1）But there are so many factors in the world that make this position increasingly meaningless.Governments no longer have complete control over their economic and monetary policies, and many multinationals now have greater profits than individual countriesGDP.

    The end of the cold war has brought its own dangers and we need to find a new balance of power in the world.It has also spawned many conflicts. Governments must be prepared to surrender some authority to global and regional institutions or we risk world disorder. It is tragic that, just when we need a strong international organisation, the United Nations is starved of funds and often sidelined by its own member states. What happened in East Timor was unforgivable because it was foreseeable. Angola has been another sad instance of international vacillation. 2）

    I do think world war is less likely for the present, although I worry about the proliferation of nuclear weapons at one end and lethal small arms at the other. 3）

    Another worry stems from the huge economic imbalances in a world where the richest 20 per cent have 86 per cent of global GDP, and the 20 poorest countries only one per cent.

    Humanitarian aid is no more than a palliative. 4）The international implications of, for example, the collapse of Africa are unthinkable. There must be a new concept of security based not just on military and defence matters but on economic and social concerns too. 5）

    The global pendulum has swung too far towards a total dependence on market forces, but finding some point of balance in the middle is extremely difficult. I am by nature optimistic, but in my gloomier moments I sometimes think the only solution will be an invasion from outer space—then at last everyone would unite!

［A］As long as more than a million people continue to live in direst poverty we can never hope to achieve national or international stability.

［B］We need an international body with teeth—morally and in action. Perhaps the UN should be given its own force.

［C］ Many members of the UN have only become nation states in the last few decades, so I can understand why they are so keen to hang on to their independence.

［D］It is terrifying the way that power is increasingly disseminated to small, completely ruthless groups like terrorists, drug traffickers and local warlords. The great imponderable is that some nut could create a nuclear explosion. Or that some essentially local conflict could escalate out of control. You cannot isolate instability:it gets exported.

［E］The mainly purpose of founding the United Nations is preventing aggressions and wars. It is hard to attribute the success to the United Nations although no new world war broke out since its establishment. The United Nations is always helpless of preventing the regional wars

［F］The notion of sovereignty is more and more strong while the influence of the United Nations is weaker and weaker.

［G］Western countries must increase their development aid programmes, not out of charity but for reasons of self-interest.

答案及详解

    1.C。此空白处前面阐述了全球化和地方主义的冲击的矛盾，而后面紧跟着说各国政府无力完全控制其经济政策，这就表明，作者是反对地方保护主义的。但是后面句首用了“but”作转折词，可见，作者并没有旗帜鲜明的提出反对意见，所以用一个较为缓和的句式会比较适合。因此选C。

    2.B。第二段，承接上文，指出在冷战结束的情况下，联合国等国际组织应该发挥更大的作用，但是下文话锋一转，用东帝汉和安哥拉两个例子来表现联合国在国际行动中的软弱无力，再结合上面所提到的“我们需要一个强大的国际组织”，顺其自然的就得出了“希望联合国强劲有力”的结论，选项B正好符合了这一意境。

    3.D。作者在这一段的前半部分极力渲染了武器扩散的恐怖情形，而从下一段的字里行间我们可以了解到，作者想表达的意思其实就是：诸如战争、毒品、贫穷等不稳定的因素是会扩散和蔓延的，并不是与世隔绝的在全球化的浪潮下，谁也无法“独善其身”。选项项D在上下文衔接上很自然贴切，是正确选项。

    4.G。此处空白是段落中的句子，从上句可知，本段主要讨论在世界经济财富占有悬殊的背景下，人道主义援助的目的和作用，而下句的例子则说明“非洲一旦崩溃，对国际社会的影响之大是无法想象的”。从这些我们可以推断出，西方国家所谓的“援助”，并非出于“人道”的崇高目的，而是为了维护自己的财富和利益，弄清上下文的逻辑推理关系，就很容易选出正确选项G了。

    5.A。三、四、五段在逻辑上是前后呼应的，作者采用“花开两朵、各表一支”的写作手法，一方面指出武器，毒品是无法隔绝的，另一方面呼吁贫穷也是会蔓延的。战争和贫困就好比罪恶的双生子，不离不弃、如影随行，相应的，第五段和第三段的结尾也应该相互呼应，因此选A是正确的。

中心思想

本文通过阐述近年来联合国在国际事务中差强人意的表现，指出现今世界不安定的因素，即是武器以及贫穷的扩散，而要从根本上解决世界上形色色的问题，一个强有力的国际组织是必要的，如果仅仅依靠市场的力量或单个政府的地方保护主义甚至是人道主义的援助是远远不够的。世界性的问题需要站在世界的角度来解决。

练习十五

    During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution，1）But when factory production got into full swing and new products，e．g．processed foods，came onto the market，national advertising campaigns and brand naming of products became necessary．Before large-scale factory production，the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and the task of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertaken by wholesalers．The small nonspecialised factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt its production according to changes in public demands．

    2）From the beginning of the nineteenth century until the 1870s，production had steadily expanded and there had been a corresponding growth in retail outlets．But the depression brought on a crisis of overproduction and underconsumption—manufactured goods piled up unsold and prices and profits fell．Towards the end of the century many of the small industrial firms realized that they would be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they combined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket．They also realised that they would have to take steps to ensure that once their goods had been produced there was a market for them．This period ushered in the first phase of what economists now call ‘monopoly capitalism’，which，roughly speaking，refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant，conglomerate enterprises．Whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms，after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products．

    A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade．From about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap，produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and doortodoor sellers．3）For instance, the future Lard Leverhulme decided to brand his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty．

    Lard Leverhulme was one of the first industrialism to realise that advertisements should contain logical and considered arguments as well as eyecatching and witty slogans．4）For example，one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds．And an ad for Cadbury’s cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits：‘for the infant it is a delight and a support；for the young girl, a source of healthy vigour；for the young miss in her teens a valuable aid to development…’and so on．As the writer E．S．Turner rightly points out，the advertising of this period had reached the‘stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration’．5）

［A］The leading companies develop more aggressive selling methods such as keeping contact with their customers.

［B］Indeed advertise or bust seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the larger companies.

［C］ But the economic depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organization and distribution and the new．

［D］advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products．

［E］Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals．

［F］Contemporary products also display details of the main ingredients.

［G］Many advertisers followed his lead and started to include ‘reasonwhy’copy in their ads．

答案及详解

    1.D。“工业革命初期的广告主要用于新奇和装饰性的产品”与后句中的national compaigns and brand-naming of products became necessary对照，我们可知此时的广告应用还不是很普及，所以选D。

    2.C。承上启下句，广告开始发出重要演变（“a turning point”。）

    3.E。从后面一家公司通过采取独特的包装方法销售肥皂，而顾客在选择时能轻易辨别出来的实例中可知大公司开始了更强有力的推销手段，所以选E

    4.G。第四段论述了大公司如何通过广告以及广告方式提高竞争力，上一句指出Lard leverhulme意识到广告标语“吸引眼球”与富有情趣的重要性。下一句通过肥皂和可乐的广告词，表明现代的广告越来越重视对产品作用的描述。

    5.B。总结全文，做广告已成为现代商业社会的法则，许多负担不起大规模或昂贵广告的公司只有被并购或者逐渐萎缩。

中心思想

本文论述了广告的演变历史，工业革命初期，广告主要用于新奇或装饰性产品，接着大公司开始采取越来越强有力的推销手段。现代社会，广告更是成功决定商家命运的重要竞争力之一。

练习十六

If the 20th century has been the American century, then there are plenty of people saying watch this space: the twenty-first century will be different. The distinguishing characteristic of the post-cold-war world is that there is only one superpower. 1)

The military muscle-flexing we have seen from China over the last few years could be an indication of how things are likely to go, although it has to be said that to many people’s surprise the Chinese have been quite constructive over East Timor. But I think we must assume that the main struggle in the 21st century will be with China, already the world’s largest nation. Happily, the Chinese seem to have no global pretensions One can’t see them interfering in some far-distant conflict, and in both military and economic terms they are still light years behind America.

2）Europe is already the largest trading block in the world, 3） It’s worth remembering that while Europe spends 60 per cent of what the USA does in defence, it has only 10 per cent of the Americans’ firepower.

In the Middle East, in a relatively short space of time, bubbling conflicts have moved closer to resolution. The Arab-Israeli dispute has been reduced to its core essentials, while agreement between Syria and Israel remains the strategic prize for peace. Iran is undergoing a slow transformation but the outstanding political issue here is Iraq and Saddam Hussein’s extraordinary survival. The international community remains bitterly divided about what to do.

Africa, I fear, is going to remain a disaster area ,simply because it does not figure on people’s mental maps. Currently there is war raging in six countries around the Congo , yet there’s very little sense the international community will do anything about it. There is, though, some good news. If you look back a year ago to Algeria, it was drowning in its own blood. Now it seems to be back on the right track.

4） For many years the non-proliferation regime actually worked surprisingly well, but India and Pakistan going nuclear has been a great blow to the status quo. And now there are new biological and chemical weapons—undreamed-of horrors—not to mention the whole legacy of the cold war which hasn’t been cleaned up, such as Russian nuclear waste in the Arctic.

The fundamental problem is that there are countries that are simply being left behind by the onward march of globalisation. Global issues such as the environment and drugs—and perhaps even human rights — are going to come much more to the fore. 5）

［A］It is called to be an economic giant, especially when the euro has been issued.

［B］but while the euro could help it become an economic giant, and even challenge the dollar, it looks likely to remain a political and military pygmy.

［C］And there’s only one candidate on the horizon to challenge the US — China.

［D］As the world shrinks, so we shall have an increasing sense of the need for an international humanitarian order. Globalisation may be a good thing, but it has a dark underbelly.

［E］Russia is a powerful country which owns military superiority

［F］We must also assume the continued decline of Russia. It shows how far things have gone (and how quickly) when what was once the second most powerful country in the world is being battered by Islamic rebels from the Caucasus. Now we have a Russian state which simply cannot cope.

［G］I do think arms control will be a big item on the agenda in future.

答案及详解

    1. C。文章开头就提出“20世纪是美国的世纪，冷战后只有一个超级大国”，而从下文第二段的开始我们可以看到，作者对中国在军事外交等方面显示出的力量表示赞扬，由此可以推断出，此处需要一个由“美国的世纪”平滑过渡到对中国的实力的重视上去，所以选项C“而且只有一个国家有可能会挑战美国，那就是中国”。正好满足了这个过渡条件。

    2. F。空处根据下文衔接可以推断出是在评价世界其他各国的经济军事实力，而第四段主要讨论了欧盟的，军事方面的弱势，所以此处适宜，举一个军事实力强大而经济发展不尽如人意的国家，选项F对俄罗斯的概括分析正好符合上下文的要求为正确答案。

    3. B。空处，从上下文推断是关于欧洲的经济的评价，这一段最后一句的“only”表明作者并不看好欧洲的经济发展，从选项中可以看到有两项是关于欧洲经济的一个认为。自从欧元发行后，欧洲经济巨人的地位进一步巩固了而另一个则用“but”一转，指出、虽然欧元有可能使之成为经济巨人，但是仍然是政治和军事的侏儒。与下文欧美防工开支的对比，丝丝入扣，合情合理。

    4. G。在讨论了中东和非洲的战患后，作者很自然转入了军备问题，提出核武器，生化武器，以及冷战遗留问题等等，此处空白需要一个提纲挈领的句子，而选项G正符合了这一要求。

    5. D。作者在最后总结全文，提出根本问题是全球化过快引致的，选项D中正好也提到了全球化，再进一步分析上下文的褒贬口气，不难确定这个就是符合要求的正确选项。

中心思想

本文主要讨论了在二十一世纪，什么才是影响人类社会发展的主要因素，在分别否定了美国一擎撑天，中国不愿称霸，俄罗斯与欧洲发展不平衡以及中东非洲的战祸连连后，作者总结认为，在大力控制军备问题的同时，一定要着重关注全球化的进程问题，全球化是一把悬在人类头上的达摩克利斯之剑。

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